Jesus Is Yahweh, the Covenant God of Israel—and the World

Many Christians read their Old Testament and see in it mostly the story of God the Father, perhaps with occasional pre-incarnate appearances of the Son and the rare glimmer of the Holy Spirit. They think that human history can be broadly divided up into three continuous phases:

1. The Acts of the Father (Genesis–Malachi)
2. The Acts of the Son (Matthew–John)
3. The Acts of the Spirit (Acts–Jude)

In other words, the Father was the primary actor from the creation of the world until the incarnation of Jesus, when God incarnate assumed center stage until his ascension into heaven and the arrival of the Holy Spirit, the promised comforter sent to replace him (John 14:16; 16:7; Acts 1:4).

While there is some truth to this sequencing of the roles that the three persons of the Trinity have played in the history of redemption, is this compartmentalized view of the persons how the apostles read the Old Testament? Or did they see Jesus playing a much more prominent role than a handful of Christophanies?

Table of Contents

• The Prominence of Jesus in the Old Testament
  • Jesus Taught That the Old Testament Was About Him
  • The Apostles Believed That the Old Testament Was About Jesus
• Jesus as Yahweh, the Covenant God of Israel
  • 1. The New Testament Identifies Jesus as Yahweh
  • 2. The New Testament Implies That Jesus Is Yahweh
  • 3. Jesus Claimed to Be Yahweh
  • 4. Jesus Was Given the Greatest Name, and the Greatest Name Is Yahweh
  • 5. Jesus Is the Angel of Yahweh, and the Angel of Yahweh Is Yahweh
  • 6. Jesus Is the Messiah, and the Messiah Is Yahweh
  • 7. Jesus Is Creator of All, and Only Yahweh Creates
  • 8. Jesus Is Sustainer of All, and Only Yahweh Sustains
  • 9. Jesus Is Eternal, and Only Yahweh Is Eternal
  • 10. Jesus Knows Everything, and Only Yahweh Knows Everything
  • 11. Jesus Is Rightly Worshipped, and Only Yahweh Is Rightly Worship
  • 12. Jesus Is One with, and the Perfect Manifestation of, the Father, Who Is Yahweh
  • 13. Jesus Is God’s Unique Son, Which Isn’t True of Any Other Heavenly Being (i.e., He’s Yahweh— Creator Not Creature)
• Conclusion

The Prominence of Jesus in the Old Testament

Let’s start by considering what the New Testament teaches about the role of Christ in the Old Testament.

Jesus Taught That the Old Testament Was About Him

Any exploration of Jesus in the Old Testament must start with what Jesus himself taught about his presence in the text of the Old Testament.

“Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them. 18 For truly I tell you, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished.

Matthew 5:17–18

Jesus came to accomplish [γένηται] and fulfill [πληρῶσαι] the Old Testament. Matthew is the Gospel of fulfillment. He systematically demonstrates how Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament (Matt 1:22; 2:15, 17, 23; 3:15; 4:14; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35, 48; 21:4; 23:32; 26:54, 56; 27:9).

He went to Nazareth, where he had been brought up, and on the Sabbath day he went into the synagogue, as was his custom. He stood up to read, 17 and the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was handed to him. Unrolling it, he found the place where it is written: 18 “The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind, to set the oppressed free, 19 to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor.” 20 Then he rolled up the scroll, gave it back to the attendant and sat down. The eyes of everyone in the synagogue were fastened on him. 21 He began by saying to them, “Today this scripture is fulfilled in your hearing.”

Luke 4:16–21

He said to them, “How foolish you are, and how slow to believe all that the prophets have spoken! 26 Did not the Messiah have to suffer these things and then enter his glory?” 27 And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he explained to them what was said in all the Scriptures concerning himself.

Luke 24:25–27

He said to them, “This is what I told you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms.” 45 Then he opened their minds so they could understand the Scriptures. 46 He told them, “This is what is written: The Messiah will suffer and rise from the dead on the third day, 47 and repentance for the forgiveness of sins will be preached in his name to all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.

Luke 24:44–47

You study the Scriptures diligently because you think that in them you have eternal life. These are the very Scriptures that testify about me, 40 yet you refuse to come to me to have life.

John 5:39–40

If you believed Moses, you would believe me, for he wrote about me. 47 But since you do not believe what he wrote, how are you going to believe what I say?”

John 5:46–47

Therefore, when Christ came into the world, he said: “Sacrifice and offering you did not desire, but a body you prepared for me; 6 with burnt offerings and sin offerings you were not pleased. 7 Then I said, ‘Here I am—it is written about me in the scroll—I have come to do your will, my God.’”

Hebrews 10:5–7

Jesus believed that the Old Testament was filled with types, shadows, and prophecies of him, and he came to fulfill them all.

The Apostles Believed That the Old Testament Was About Jesus

The apostles knew that the Old Testament spoke of one to come, and early on they believed that Jesus was that promised one (John 1:41, 45, 49; cf. Matt 14:33; 16:16; Mark 8:29; Luke 9:20; John 6:69; 11:27; Acts 2:36; 5:42).

However, their initial Messianic expectation likely aligned with John the Baptist’s, who, even after believing that Jesus was “the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29) and God’s beloved Son, in whom he was well pleased (Matt 3:17; Mark 1:11; Luke 3:22), questioned whether Jesus really was the long-awaited Messiah: “Are you the one who is to come, or should we expect someone else?” (Matt 11:3; Luke 7:19–20; cf. Luke 24:19–21).

It wasn’t until after Jesus’ resurrection when he supernaturally opened their eyes (Luke 24:44–45) that they came to see the Old Testament Scriptures rightly (cf. 2 Cor 3:14–16). That is, they saw that the Old Testament foretold of a Messiah who would conquer through suffering (Psa 16:10; 22; 69:21; Isa 50:6; 52:13–53:12; Dan 9:26; Zech 12:10; 13:7 // Matt 26:24; Mark 9:12; Luke 24:25–27, 44–46; Acts 3:18; 17:2–3; 26:22–23; 1 Cor 15:3–4; 1 Pet 1:10–11).

Philip found Nathanael and told him, “We have found the one Moses wrote about in the Law, and about whom the prophets also wrote—Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph.”

John 1:45

But this is how God fulfilled what he had foretold through all the prophets, saying that his Messiah would suffer. 19 Repent, then, and turn to God, so that your sins may be wiped out, that times of refreshing may come from the Lord, 20 and that he may send the Messiah, who has been appointed for you—even Jesus. 21 Heaven must receive him until the time comes for God to restore everything, as he promised long ago through his holy prophets. 22 For Moses said, ‘The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your own people; you must listen to everything he tells you. 23 Anyone who does not listen to him will be completely cut off from their people.’ 24 “Indeed, beginning with Samuel, all the prophets who have spoken have foretold these days.

Acts 3:18–24

All the prophets testify about him that everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.”

Acts 10:43

But God has helped me to this very day; so I stand here and testify to small and great alike. I am saying nothing beyond what the prophets and Moses said would happen—23 that the Messiah would suffer and, as the first to rise from the dead, would bring the message of light to his own people and to the Gentiles.”

Acts 26:22–23

They arranged to meet Paul on a certain day, and came in even larger numbers to the place where he was staying. He witnessed to them from morning till evening, explaining about the kingdom of God, and from the Law of Moses and from the Prophets he tried to persuade them about Jesus.

Acts 28:23

Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God—2 the gospel he promised beforehand through his prophets in the Holy Scriptures 3 regarding his Son, who as to his earthly life was a descendant of David, 4 and who through the Spirit of holiness was appointed the Son of God in power by his resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord.

Romans 1:1–4

Concerning this salvation, the prophets, who spoke of the grace that was to come to you, searched intently and with the greatest care, 11 trying to find out the time and circumstances to which the Spirit of Christ in them was pointing when he predicted the sufferings of the Messiah and the glories that would follow. 12 It was revealed to them that they were not serving themselves but you, when they spoke of the things that have now been told you by those who have preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven. Even angels long to look into these things.

1 Peter 1:10–12

Jesus supernaturally unveiled the eyes of the apostles to see him all throughout the Old Testament Scriptures, whom they faithfully proclaimed from them to Jews and Gentiles alike. But was Jesus there only in the pages of Scripture, in its types and shadows and prophecies, or was he there personally in its history?

Jesus as Yahweh, the Covenant God of Israel

A careful reading of the New Testament demonstrates the apostles’ belief that Jesus was not only prefigured, foreshadowed, and prophesied in the Old Testament Scriptures but that he was also present all throughout Old Testament history.

This goes well beyond a handful of Christophanies—preincarnate appearances of Christ—where Jesus shows up out of the blue and then quickly vanishes.

The presence of Jesus in Old Testament history finds its grounding in the belief that Jesus was Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. The New Testament is replete with texts that establish Jesus’ identity as Yahweh through (a) direct quotations where references to Yahweh are interpreted as Jesus, (b) allusions between texts about Yahweh and truth about Jesus, and (c) the ascription of attributes to Jesus that uniquely belong to Yahweh.

1. The New Testament Identifies Jesus as Yahweh

Numerous passages in the New Testament quote Old Testament texts about Yahweh and interpret them as referring to Jesus.

Yahweh/Jesus Brought His People Out of Egypt (Exodus 12:51; 14:30; 20:2; Deuteronomy 5:6; Judges 2:1 // Jude 5 in Earliest MSS)

And on that very day the Lord [יְהוָ֜ה] brought the Israelites out of Egypt by their divisions.

Exodus 12:51

That day the Lord [יְהוָ֜ה] saved Israel from the hands of the Egyptians, and Israel saw the Egyptians lying dead on the shore.

Exodus 14:30

“I am the Lord [יְהוָ֣ה] your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.

Exodus 20:2; Deuteronomy 5:6

The angel of the Lord [מַלְאַךְ־יְהוָ֛ה] went up from Gilgal to Bokim and said, “I brought you up out of Egypt and led you into the land I swore to give to your ancestors.

Judges 2:1

Though you already know all this, I want to remind you that Jesus [Ἰησοῦς; later mss. read ὁ κύριος] at one time delivered his people out of Egypt, but later destroyed those who did not believe.

Jude 5

Yahweh / the Angel of Yahweh delivered Israel out of Egypt, and according to Jude in the earliest manuscripts and the best critical editions of the Greek New Testament (SBLGNT, NA28, TyndaleGNT, UBS5), Jesus delivered Israel out of Egypt. Therefore, Jesus is Yahweh / the Angel of Yahweh.

Yahweh/Jesus Judged Israel with Snakes (Numbers 21:4–9; 1 Corinthians 10:9 in Earliest MSS)

They traveled from Mount Hor along the route to the Red Sea, to go around Edom. But the people grew impatient on the way; 5 they spoke against God and against Moses, and said, “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread! There is no water! And we detest this miserable food!” 6 Then the Lord [יְהוָ֜ה] sent venomous snakes among them; they bit the people and many Israelites died. 7 The people came to Moses and said, “We sinned when we spoke against the Lord [בַֽיהוָה֙] and against you. Pray that the Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] will take the snakes away from us.” So Moses prayed for the people. 8 The Lord [יְהוָ֜ה] said to Moses, “Make a snake and put it up on a pole; anyone who is bitten can look at it and live.” 9 So Moses made a bronze snake and put it up on a pole. Then when anyone was bitten by a snake and looked at the bronze snake, they lived.

Numbers 21:4–9

We should not test Christ [τὸν ^⸀Χριστόν; later mss. read τὸν κύριον], as some of them did—and were killed by snakes.

1 Corinthians 10:9

Yahweh/Jesus Laid the Foundations of the Earth (Psalm 102:19–27 // Hebrews 1:8–12)

“The Lord [יְ֝הוָ֗ה] looked down from his sanctuary on high, from heaven he viewed the earth, 20 to hear the groans of the prisoners and release those condemned to death.” 21 So the name of the Lord [יְהוָ֑ה] will be declared in Zion and his praise in Jerusalem 22 when the peoples and the kingdoms assemble to worship the Lord [יְהוָֽה]. 23 In the course of my life he broke my strength; he cut short my days. 24 So I said: “Do not take me away, my God, in the midst of my days; your years go on through all generations. 25 In the beginning you laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of your hands. 26 They will perish, but you remain; they will all wear out like a garment. Like clothing you will change them and they will be discarded. 27 But you remain the same, and your years will never end.

Psalm 102:19–27

But about the Son he says, “Your throne, O God, will last for ever and ever; a scepter of justice will be the scepter of your kingdom. 9 You have loved righteousness and hated wickedness; therefore God, your God, has set you above your companions by anointing you with the oil of joy.” 10 He also says, “In the beginning, Lord, you laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of your hands. 11 They will perish, but you remain; they will all wear out like a garment. 12 You will roll them up like a robe; like a garment they will be changed. But you remain the same, and your years will never end.”

Hebrews 1:8–12

Yahweh/Jesus Showed His Glory to Isaiah (Isaiah 6:1–10 // John 12:37–41)

In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord, high and exalted, seated on a throne; and the train of his robe filled the temple. 2 Above him were seraphim, each with six wings: With two wings they covered their faces, with two they covered their feet, and with two they were flying. 3 And they were calling to one another: “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord [יְהוָ֣ה] Almighty; the whole earth is full of his glory.” 4 At the sound of their voices the doorposts and thresholds shook and the temple was filled with smoke. 5 “Woe to me!” I cried. “I am ruined! For I am a man of unclean lips, and I live among a people of unclean lips, and my eyes have seen the King, the Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] Almighty.” 6 Then one of the seraphim flew to me with a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with tongs from the altar. 7 With it he touched my mouth and said, “See, this has touched your lips; your guilt is taken away and your sin atoned for.” 8 Then I heard the voice of the Lord saying, “Whom shall I send? And who will go for us?” And I said, “Here am I. Send me!” 9 He said, “Go and tell this people: “‘Be ever hearing, but never understanding; be ever seeing, but never perceiving.’ 10 Make the heart of this people calloused; make their ears dull and close their eyes. Otherwise they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their hearts, and turn and be healed.”

Isaiah 6:1–10

Even after Jesus had performed so many signs in their presence, they still would not believe in him. 38 This was to fulfill the word of Isaiah the prophet: “Lord, who has believed our message and to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?” [Isaiah 53:1] 39 For this reason they could not believe, because, as Isaiah says elsewhere: 40 “He has blinded their eyes and hardened their hearts, so they can neither see with their eyes, nor understand with their hearts, nor turn—and I would heal them.” [Isaiah 6:10] 41 Isaiah said this because he saw Jesus’ glory and spoke about him.

John 12:37–41

John believed that the one Isaiah saw, Yahweh Almighty, whose glory filled the whole earth, was Jesus.

Yahweh/Jesus Is the Stone of Stumbling (Isaiah 8:13–14 // 1 Peter 2:4–8)

The Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] Almighty is the one you are to regard as holy, he is the one you are to fear, he is the one you are to dread. 14 He will be a holy place; for both Israel and Judah he will be a stone that causes people to stumble and a rock that makes them fall. And for the people of Jerusalem he will be a trap and a snare.

Isaiah 8:13–14

As you come to him, the living Stone [i.e., Jesus]—rejected by humans but chosen by God and precious to him—5 you also, like living stones, are being built into a spiritual house to be a holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. 6 For in Scripture it says: “See, I lay a stone in Zion, a chosen and precious cornerstone, and the one who trusts in him will never be put to shame.” 7 Now to you who believe, this stone is precious. But to those who do not believe, “The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone,” 8 and, “A stone that causes people to stumble and a rock that makes them fall.” [Isaiah 8:14] They stumble because they disobey the message—which is also what they were destined for.

1 Peter 2:4–8

Yahweh/Jesus Comes After John the Baptist (Isaiah 40:3; Malachi 3:1 // Mark 1:1–3)

A voice of one calling: “In the wilderness prepare the way for the Lord [יְהוָ֑ה]; make straight in the desert a highway for our God.

Isaiah 40:3

“I will send my messenger, who will prepare the way before me. Then suddenly the Lord you are seeking will come to his temple; the messenger of the covenant, whom you desire, will come,” says the Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] Almighty.

Malachi 3:1

The beginning of the good news about Jesus the Messiah, the Son of God, 2 as it is written in Isaiah the prophet: “I will send my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way” [Malachi 3:1]— 3 “a voice of one calling in the wilderness, ‘Prepare the way for the Lord [יְהוָ֑ה], make straight paths for him.’” [Isaiah 40:3]

Mark 1:1–3

Every Knee Will Bow to Yahweh/Jesus (Isaiah 45:21–24 // Philippians 2:9–11)

Declare what is to be, present it—let them take counsel together. Who foretold this long ago, who declared it from the distant past? Was it not I, the Lord [יְהוָה֙]? And there is no God apart from me, a righteous God and a Savior; there is none but me. 22 “Turn to me and be saved, all you ends of the earth; for I am God, and there is no other. 23 By myself I have sworn, my mouth has uttered in all integrity a word that will not be revoked: Before me every knee will bow; by me every tongue will swear. 24 They will say of me, ‘In the Lord [בַּיהוָ֛ה] alone are deliverance and strength.’” All who have raged against him will come to him and be put to shame.

Isaiah 45:21–24

Therefore God exalted him to the highest place and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

Philippians 2:9–11

Yahweh/Jesus Will Lead His People to Springs of Water (Isaiah 49:8–10 // Revelation 7:17)

This is what the Lord [יְהוָ֗ה] says: “In the time of my favor I will answer you, and in the day of salvation I will help you; I will keep you and will make you to be a covenant for the people, to restore the land and to reassign its desolate inheritances, 9 to say to the captives, ‘Come out,’ and to those in darkness, ‘Be free!’ “They will feed beside the roads and find pasture on every barren hill. 10 They will neither hunger nor thirst, nor will the desert heat or the sun beat down on them. He who has compassion on them will guide them and lead them beside springs of water.

Isaiah 49:8–10

For the Lamb at the center of the throne will be their shepherd; ‘he will lead them to springs of living water.’ ‘And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.’”

Revelation 7:17

Whoever Calls on Yahweh/Jesus Will Be Saved (Joel 2:32 // Romans 10:9–13)

And everyone who calls on the name of the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה] will be saved; for on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem there will be deliverance, as the Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] has said, even among the survivors whom the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה] calls.

Joel 2:32

If you declare with your mouth, “Jesus is Lord,” and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. 10 For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you profess your faith and are saved. 11 As Scripture says, “Anyone who believes in him will never be put to shame.” 12 For there is no difference between Jew and Gentile—the same Lord is Lord of all and richly blesses all who call on him, 13 for, “Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה] will be saved.”

Romans 10:9–13

Yahweh/Jesus Will Be / Was Pierced (Zechariah 12:7–10 // John 19:36–37)

“The Lord [יְהוָ֛ה] will save the dwellings of Judah first, so that the honor of the house of David and of Jerusalem’s inhabitants may not be greater than that of Judah. 8 On that day the Lord [יְהוָה֙] will shield those who live in Jerusalem, so that the feeblest among them will be like David, and the house of David will be like God, like the angel of the Lord going before them. 9 On that day I will set out to destroy all the nations that attack Jerusalem. 10 “And I will pour out on the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and supplication. They will look on me, the one they have pierced, and they will mourn for him as one mourns for an only child, and grieve bitterly for him as one grieves for a firstborn son.

Zechariah 12:7–10

These things happened so that the scripture would be fulfilled: “Not one of his bones will be broken,” 37 and, as another scripture says, “They will look on the one they have pierced.”

John 19:36–37

Yahweh/Jesus Will Come with His Holy Ones (Zechariah 14:5 // 1 Thessalonians 3:13)

You will flee by my mountain valley, for it will extend to Azel. You will flee as you fled from the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. Then the Lord [יְהוָ֣ה] my God will come, and all the holy ones with him.

Zechariah 14:5

May he strengthen your hearts so that you will be blameless and holy in the presence of our God and Father when our Lord Jesus comes with all his holy ones.

1 Thessalonians 3:13

2. The New Testament Implies That Jesus Is Yahweh

In a similar way, the New Testament makes illusions between Old Testament texts about Yahweh and New Testament references to Jesus—not by quoting Yahweh passages and interpreting them as Jesus but by describing Jesus in ways that are generally reserved for Yahweh.

Yahweh/Jesus Is the Only Rock (Psalm 18:31; Isaiah 44:8 // 1 Corinthians 10:3–4)

For who is God besides the Lord [יְהוָ֑ה]? And who is the Rock except our God?

Psalm 18:31

Do not tremble, do not be afraid. Did I not proclaim this and foretell it long ago? You are my witnesses. Is there any God besides me? No, there is no other Rock; I know not one.”

Isaiah 44:8

They all ate the same spiritual food 4 and drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them, and that rock was Christ.

1 Corinthians 10:3–4

Yahweh/Jesus Is Shepherd (Psalm 23:1; Isaiah 40:10–11 // John 10:11; Hebrews 13:20–21; 1 Peter 2:25; 5:4; Revelation 7:17)

The Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] is my shepherd, I lack nothing.

Psalm 23:1

See, the Sovereign Lord [יְהוִה֙] comes with power, and he rules with a mighty arm. See, his reward is with him, and his recompense accompanies him. 11 He tends his flock like a shepherd: He gathers the lambs in his arms and carries them close to his heart; he gently leads those that have young.

Isaiah 40:10–11

“I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep.

John 10:11

Now may the God of peace, who through the blood of the eternal covenant brought back from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great Shepherd of the sheep, 21 equip you with everything good for doing his will, and may he work in us what is pleasing to him, through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen.

Hebrews 13:20–21

For “you were like sheep going astray,” but now you have returned to the Shepherd and Overseer of your souls.

1 Peter 2:25

And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that will never fade away.

1 Peter 5:4

For the Lamb at the center of the throne will be their shepherd; ‘he will lead them to springs of living water.’ ‘And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.’”

Revelation 7:17

Yahweh/Jesus Is the King/Lord of Glory (Psalm 24:7–10 // 1 Corinthians 2:8)

Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, you ancient doors, that the King of glory may come in. 8 Who is this King of glory? The Lord [יְ֭הוָה] strong and mighty, the Lord [יְ֝הוָ֗ה] mighty in battle. 9 Lift up your heads, you gates; lift them up, you ancient doors, that the King of glory may come in. 10 Who is he, this King of glory? The Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] Almighty—he is the King of glory.

Psalm 24:7–10

None of the rulers of this age understood it, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.

1 Corinthians 2:8

Yahweh/Jesus Is to Be Revered (Isaiah 8:13 // 1 Peter 3:15)

The Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] Almighty is the one you are to regard as holy [ἁγιάσατε], he is the one you are to fear, he is the one you are to dread.

Isaiah 8:13

But in your hearts revere [ἁγιάσατε] Christ as Lord. Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect . . . .

1 Peter 3:15

Yahweh/Jesus Is the Only Savior (Isaiah 43:11; Hosea 13:4 // Acts 4:11–12; Titus 2:12–14)

I, even I, am the Lord [יְהוָ֑ה], and apart from me there is no savior.

Isaiah 43:11

“But I have been the Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] your God ever since you came out of Egypt. You shall acknowledge no God but me, no Savior except me.

Hosea 13:4

Jesus is “‘the stone you builders rejected, which has become the cornerstone.’ 12 Salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to mankind by which we must be saved.”

Acts 4:11–12

It teaches us to say “No” to ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright and godly lives in this present age, 13 while we wait for the blessed hope—the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ, 14 who gave himself for us to redeem us from all wickedness and to purify for himself a people that are his very own, eager to do what is good.

Titus 2:12–14

Yahweh/Jesus Is the Holy One (Habakkuk 1:12 // Luke 1:35; Acts 2:27; 3:14)

Lord [יְהוָ֧ה], are you not from everlasting? My God, my Holy One, you will never die. You, Lord [יְהוָה֙], have appointed them to execute judgment; you, my Rock, have ordained them to punish.

Habakkuk 1:12

The angel answered, “The Holy Spirit will come on you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God.

Luke 1:35

. . . you will not abandon me to the realm of the dead, you will not let your holy one see decay.

Acts 2:27

You disowned the Holy and Righteous One and asked that a murderer be released to you.

Acts 3:14

3. Jesus Claimed to Be Yahweh

Jesus Claimed to Be “I AM,” and Only Yahweh Is “I AM” (Exodus 3:14–15 // John 4:26; 6:20; 8:24, 28, 58; 13:19; 18:5–8)

God said to Moses, “I AM WHO I AM [אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה]. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: ‘I AM [אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה] has sent me to you.’” God also said to Moses, “Say to the Israelites, ‘The Lord [יְהוָ֞ה], the God of your fathers—the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you.’ “This is my name forever, the name you shall call me from generation to generation.

Exodus 3:14–15

Then Jesus declared, “I, the one speaking to you—I am he [Ἐγώ εἰμι].”

John 4:26

But he said to them, “It is I [Ἐγώ εἰμι]; don’t be afraid.”

John 6:20

I told you that you would die in your sins; if you do not believe that I am he [ἐγώ εἰμι], you will indeed die in your sins.”

John 8:24

So Jesus said, “When you have lifted up the Son of Man, then you will know that I am he [ἐγώ εἰμι] and that I do nothing on my own but speak just what the Father has taught me.

John 8:28

“Very truly I tell you,” Jesus answered, “before Abraham was born, I am [ἐγὼ εἰμί]!”

John 8:58

“I am telling you now before it happens, so that when it does happen you will believe that I am who I am [ἐγώ εἰμι].

John 13:19

“Jesus of Nazareth,” they replied. “I am he,” [Ἐγώ εἰμι] Jesus said. (And Judas the traitor was standing there with them.) 6 When Jesus said, “I am he,” [Ἐγώ εἰμι] they drew back and fell to the ground. 7 Again he asked them, “Who is it you want?” “Jesus of Nazareth,” they said. 8 Jesus answered, “I told you that I am he [ἐγώ εἰμι]. If you are looking for me, then let these men go.”

John 18:5–8

It is almost certainly not accidental that John records seven absolute “I AM” statements from Jesus.

Jesus Claimed to Be the First and the Last, and Only Yahweh Is the First and the Last (Isaiah 44:6; 48:12 // Revelation 1:17; 22:13)

“This is what the Lord [יְהוָ֧ה] says—Israel’s King and Redeemer, the Lord [יְהוָ֣ה] Almighty: I am the first and I am the last; apart from me there is no God.

Isaiah 44:6

“Listen to me, Jacob, Israel, whom I have called: I am he; I am the first and I am the last.

Isaiah 48:12

When I saw him, I fell at his feet as though dead. Then he placed his right hand on me and said: “Do not be afraid. I am the First and the Last.

Revelation 1:17

I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End.

Revelation 22:13

Jesus Claimed to Be the One Who Searches Hearts and Minds (Jeremiah 17:10 // Revelation 2:23)

“I the Lord [יְהוָ֛ה] search the heart and examine the mind [ἐγὼ κύριος ἐτάζων καρδίας καὶ δοκιμάζων νεφροὺς], to reward each person according to their conduct, according to what their deeds deserve.”

Jeremiah 17:10

I will strike her children dead. Then all the churches will know that I am he who searches hearts and minds [ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἐραυνῶν νεφροὺς καὶ καρδίας], and I will repay each of you according to your deeds.

Revelation 2:23

4. Jesus Was Given the Greatest Name, and the Greatest Name Is Yahweh

“See, I am sending an angel ahead of you to guard you along the way and to bring you to the place I have prepared. 21 Pay attention to him and listen to what he says. Do not rebel against him; he will not forgive your rebellion, since my Name is in him. 22 If you listen carefully to what he says and do all that I say, I will be an enemy to your enemies and will oppose those who oppose you. 23 My angel will go ahead of you and bring you into the land of the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hivites and Jebusites, and I will wipe them out.

Exodus 23:20–23

Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name [sing.] of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age.

Matthew 28:19–20

All three persons share the same name. Father, Son, and Spirit are titles, not names. Jesus is the name of the Son only. Yahweh is the only name that all three persons share. Baptism should be performed in the shared name of the triune God, Yahweh.

I will remain in the world no longer, but they are still in the world, and I am coming to you. Holy Father, protect them by the power of your name, the name you gave me, so that they may be one as we are one. 12 While I was with them, I protected them and kept them safe by that name you gave me. None has been lost except the one doomed to destruction so that Scripture would be fulfilled.

John 17:11–12

Therefore God exalted him to the highest place and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

Philippians 2:9–11

So he became as much superior to the angels as the name he has inherited is superior to theirs.

Hebrews 1:4

Then I looked, and there before me was the Lamb, standing on Mount Zion, and with him 144,000 who had his name and his Father’s name [τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς] written [γεγραμμένον] on their foreheads.

Revelation 14:1

The Greek refers to the singular, shared name of the Father and the Lamb, because “written” is singular. The only name that both the Father and the Lamb share is Yahweh.

5. Jesus Is the Angel of Yahweh, and the Angel of Yahweh Is Yahweh

Then the Lord [וַֽיהוָ֗ה] rained down burning sulfur on Sodom and Gomorrah—from the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה] out of the heavens.

Genesis 19:24

Then he blessed Joseph and said, “May the God before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked faithfully, the God who has been my shepherd all my life to this day, 16 the Angel who has delivered me from all harm—may he [sing.] bless these boys. May they be called by my name and the names of my fathers Abraham and Isaac, and may they increase greatly on the earth.”

Genesis 48:15–16

Yahweh / the Angel of Yahweh Spoke to Hagar (Genesis 16:7, 9, 11, 13)

The angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֛ה] found Hagar near a spring in the desert; it was the spring that is beside the road to Shur. . . . 9 Then the angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] told her, “Go back to your mistress and submit to her.” . . . 11 The angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] also said to her: “You are now pregnant and you will give birth to a son. You shall name him Ishmael, for the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה] has heard of your misery. . . . 13 She gave this name to the Lord [יְהוָה֙] who spoke to her: “You are the God who sees me,” for she said, “I have now seen the One who sees me.”

Genesis 16:7, 9, 11, 13

Yahweh / the Angel of Yahweh Spoke to Abraham (Genesis 22:15–18)

The angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה] called to Abraham from heaven a second time 16 and said, “I swear by myself, declares the Lord [יְהוָ֑ה], that because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son, 17 I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies, 18 and through your offspring all nations on earth will be blessed, because you have obeyed me.”

Genesis 22:15–18

Yahweh / the Angel of Yahweh Spoke to Moses (Exodus 3:2, 4, 6–8, 14–15)

There the angel of the Lord [יְהֹוָ֥ה] appeared to him in flames of fire from within a bush. Moses saw that though the bush was on fire it did not burn up. . . . 4 When the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה] saw that he had gone over to look, God called to him from within the bush, “Moses! Moses!” And Moses said, “Here I am.” . . . 6 Then he said, “I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob.” At this, Moses hid his face, because he was afraid to look at God. 7 The Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] said, “I have indeed seen the misery of my people in Egypt. I have heard them crying out because of their slave drivers, and I am concerned about their suffering. 8 So I have come down to rescue them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land into a good and spacious land, a land flowing with milk and honey—the home of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. . . . 14 God said to Moses, “I am who I am [אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה]. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: ‘I am [אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה] has sent me to you.’” 15 God also said to Moses, “Say to the Israelites, ‘The Lord [יְהוָ֞ה], the God of your fathers—the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you.’ “This is my name forever, the name you shall call me from generation to generation.

Ex 3:2, 4, 6–8, 14–15

Yahweh / The Angel of Yahweh Brought Israel Out of Egypt (Exodus 20:1–2; Judges 6:7–8 // Judges 2:1–5)

And God spoke all these words: 2 “I am the Lord [יְהוָ֣ה] your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.

Exodus 20:1–2

When the Israelites cried out to the Lord [יְהוָ֑ה] because of Midian, 8 he sent them a prophet, who said, “This is what the Lord [יְהוָ֣ה], the God of Israel, says: I brought you up out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.

Judges 6:7–8

The angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֛ה] went up from Gilgal to Bokim and said, “I brought you up out of Egypt and led you into the land I swore to give to your ancestors. I said, ‘I will never break my covenant with you, 2 and you shall not make a covenant with the people of this land, but you shall break down their altars.’ Yet you have disobeyed me. Why have you done this? 3 And I have also said, ‘I will not drive them out before you; they will become traps for you, and their gods will become snares to you.’” 4 When the angel of the Lord [יְהוָה֙] had spoken these things to all the Israelites, the people wept aloud, 5 and they called that place Bokim. There they offered sacrifices to the Lord [לַֽיהוָֽה].

Judges 2:1–5

Yahweh / the Angel of Yahweh Gave Moses the Law (Leviticus 26:46 // Acts 7:37–38)

These are the decrees, the laws and the regulations that the Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] established at Mount Sinai between himself and the Israelites through Moses.

Leviticus 26:46

“This is the Moses who told the Israelites, ‘God will raise up for you a prophet like me from your own people.’ 38 He was in the assembly in the wilderness, with the angel who spoke to him on Mount Sinai, and with our ancestors; and he received living words to pass on to us.

Acts 7:37–38 (Cf. Galatians 3:19)

Yahweh / the Angel of Yahweh Appeared to Gideon (Judges 6:11–12, 14, 16, 18, 20–24)

The angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֗ה] came and sat down under the oak in Ophrah that belonged to Joash the Abiezrite, where his son Gideon was threshing wheat in a winepress to keep it from the Midianites. 12 When the angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֑ה] appeared to Gideon, he said, “The Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] is with you, mighty warrior.” . . . 14 The Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] turned to him and said, “Go in the strength you have and save Israel out of Midian’s hand. Am I not sending you?” . . . 16 The Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] answered, “I will be with you, and you will strike down all the Midianites, leaving none alive.” . . . 20 The angel of God said to him, “Take the meat and the unleavened bread, place them on this rock, and pour out the broth.” And Gideon did so. 21 Then the angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֗ה] touched the meat and the unleavened bread with the tip of the staff that was in his hand. Fire flared from the rock, consuming the meat and the bread. And the angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] disappeared. 22 When Gideon realized that it was the angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה], he exclaimed, “Alas, Sovereign Lord [יְהוִ֔ה]! I have seen the angel of the Lord [יְהוָ֔ה] face to face!” 23 But the Lord [יְהוָ֛ה] said to him, “Peace! Do not be afraid. You are not going to die.” 24 So Gideon built an altar to the Lord [לַֽיהוָ֔ה] there and called it The Lord [יְהוָ֖ה] Is Peace. To this day it stands in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.

Judges 6:11, 12, 14, 16, 20–24

6. Jesus Is the Messiah, and the Messiah Is Yahweh

“The days are coming,” declares the Lord [יְהוָ֔ה], “when I will raise up for David a righteous Branch, a King who will reign wisely and do what is just and right in the land. 6 In his days Judah will be saved and Israel will live in safety. This is the name by which he will be called: The Lord [יְהוָ֥ה] Our Righteous Savior.

Jeremiah 23:5–6

7. Jesus Is Creator of All, and Only Yahweh Creates

You alone are the Lord [יְהוָה֮]. You made the heavens, even the highest heavens, and all their starry host, the earth and all that is on it, the seas and all that is in them. You give life to everything, and the multitudes of heaven worship you.

Nehemiah 9:6

By the word of the Lord [יְ֭הוָה] the heavens were made, their starry host by the breath of his mouth.

Psalm 33:6

Do you not know? Have you not heard? The Lord [יְהוָה֙] is the everlasting God, the Creator of the ends of the earth. He will not grow tired or weary, and his understanding no one can fathom.

Isaiah 40:28

“This is what the Lord [יְהוָה֙] says—your Redeemer, who formed you in the womb: I am the Lord [יְהוָה֙], the Maker of all things, who stretches out the heavens, who spreads out the earth by myself,

Isaiah 44:24

For this is what the Lord [יְ֠הוָה] says—he who created the heavens, he is God; he who fashioned and made the earth, he founded it; he did not create it to be empty, but formed it to be inhabited—he says: “I am the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה], and there is no other.

Isaiah 45:18

Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.

John 1:3

He was in the world, and though the world was made through him, the world did not recognize him.

John 1:10

For even if there are so-called gods, whether in heaven or on earth (as indeed there are many “gods” and many “lords”), 6 yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live.

1 Corinthians 8:5–6

For in him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things have been created through him and for him.

Colossians 1:16

In the past God spoke to our ancestors through the prophets at many times and in various ways, 2 but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, and through whom also he made the universe.

Hebrews 1:1–2

He also says, “In the beginning, Lord, you laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of your hands.

Hebrews 1:10

8. Jesus Is Sustainer of All, and Only Yahweh Sustains

Who is like you, Lord [יְהוָ֤ה] God Almighty? You, Lord [יָ֑הּ], are mighty, and your faithfulness surrounds you. 9 You rule over the surging sea; when its waves mount up, you still them.

Psalm 89:9

But the Lord [וַֽיהוָ֤ה] is the true God; he is the living God, the eternal King. When he is angry, the earth trembles; the nations cannot endure his wrath. . . . 13 When he thunders, the waters in the heavens roar; he makes clouds rise from the ends of the earth. He sends lightning with the rain and brings out the wind from his storehouses.

Jeremiah 10:13

Then the Lord [וַֽיהוָ֗ה] sent a great wind on the sea, and such a violent storm arose that the ship threatened to break up.

Jonah 1:4

The men were amazed and asked, “What kind of man is this? Even the winds and the waves obey him!”

Matthew 8:27

He is before all things, and in him all things hold together.

Colossians 1:17

The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven.

Hebrews 1:3

9. Jesus Is Eternal, and Only Yahweh Is Eternal

Before the mountains were born or you brought forth the whole world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God.

Psalm 90:2 (cf. v. 13)

For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And he will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.

Isaiah 9:6

Do you not know? Have you not heard? The Lord [יְהוָה֙] is the everlasting God, the Creator of the ends of the earth. He will not grow tired or weary, and his understanding no one can fathom.

Isaiah 40:28

“But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come for me one who will be ruler over Israel, whose origins are from of old, from ancient times.”

Micah 5:2

And now, Father, glorify me in your presence with the glory I had with you before the world began.

John 17:5

He is before all things, and in him all things hold together.

Colossians 1:17

You will roll them up like a robe; like a garment they will be changed. But you remain the same, and your years will never end.”

Hebrews 1:12

Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever.

Hebrews 13:8

10. Jesus Knows Everything, and Only Yahweh Knows Everything

Do you know how the clouds hang poised, those wonders of him who has perfect knowledge?

Job 37:16

The Lord [יְֽהוָ֗ה] knows all human plans; he knows that they are futile.

Psalm 94:11

You have searched me, Lord [יְהוָ֥ה], and you know me. 2 You know when I sit and when I rise; you perceive my thoughts from afar. 3 You discern my going out and my lying down; you are familiar with all my ways. 4 Before a word is on my tongue you, Lord [יְ֝הוָ֗ה], know it completely. 5 You hem me in behind and before, and you lay your hand upon me. 6 Such knowledge is too wonderful for me, too lofty for me to attain.

Psalm 139:1–6

Great is our Lord and mighty in power; his understanding has no limit.

Psalm 147:5 (cf. vv. 6–7)

Do you not know? Have you not heard? The Lord [יְהוָה֙] is the everlasting God, the Creator of the ends of the earth. He will not grow tired or weary, and his understanding no one can fathom.

Isaiah 40:28

Knowing their thoughts, Jesus said, “Why do you entertain evil thoughts in your hearts?

Matthew 9:4

Jesus knew their thoughts and said to them, “Every kingdom divided against itself will be ruined, and every city or household divided against itself will not stand.

Matthew 12:25

Immediately Jesus knew in his spirit that this was what they were thinking in their hearts, and he said to them, “Why are you thinking these things?

Mark 2:8

But Jesus knew what they were thinking and said to the man with the shriveled hand, “Get up and stand in front of everyone.” So he got up and stood there.

Luke 6:8

“How do you know me?” Nathanael asked. Jesus answered, “I saw you while you were still under the fig tree before Philip called you.”

John 1:48

But Jesus would not entrust himself to them, for he knew all people. 25 He did not need any testimony about mankind, for he knew what was in each person.

John 2:24–25

Now we can see that you know all things and that you do not even need to have anyone ask you questions. This makes us believe that you came from God.”

John 16:30

Jesus, knowing all that was going to happen to him, went out and asked them, “Who is it you want?”

John 18:4

The third time he said to him, “Simon son of John, do you love me?” Peter was hurt because Jesus asked him the third time, “Do you love me?” He said, “Lord, you know all things; you know that I love you.” Jesus said, “Feed my sheep.

John 21:17

33 Oh, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable his judgments, and his paths beyond tracing out! 34 “Who has known the mind of the Lord? Or who has been his counselor?”

Romans 11:33–34

If our hearts condemn us, we know that God is greater than our hearts, and he knows everything.

1 John 3:20

I will strike her children dead. Then all the churches will know that I am he who searches hearts and minds, and I will repay each of you according to your deeds.

Revelation 2:23

11. Jesus Is Rightly Worshipped, and Only Yahweh Is Rightly Worship

Do not worship any other god, for the Lord [יְהוָה֙], whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God.

Exodus 34:14

“I am the Lord [יְהוָ֖ה]; that is my name! I will not yield my glory to another or my praise to idols.

Isaiah 42:8

On coming to the house, they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshiped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh.

Matthew 2:11

Jesus said to him, “Away from me, Satan! For it is written: ‘Worship the Lord [יְהוָ֧ה] your God, and serve him only.’”

Matthew 4:10

Then those who were in the boat worshiped him, saying, “Truly you are the Son of God.”

Matthew 14:33

Suddenly Jesus met them. “Greetings,” he said. They came to him, clasped his feet and worshiped him.

Matthew 28:9

When they saw him, they worshiped him; but some doubted.

Matthew 28:17

Then they worshiped him and returned to Jerusalem with great joy.

Luke 24:52

Then the man said, “Lord, I believe,” and he worshiped him.

John 9:38

Thomas said to him, “My Lord and my God!”

John 20:28

Therefore God exalted him to the highest place and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

Philippians 2:9–11

And again, when God brings his firstborn into the world, he says, “Let all God’s angels worship him.”

Hebrews 1:6

In a loud voice they were saying: “Worthy is the Lamb, who was slain, to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and praise!” 13 Then I heard every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earth and on the sea, and all that is in them, saying: “To him who sits on the throne and to the Lamb be praise and honor and glory and power, for ever and ever!” 14 The four living creatures said, “Amen,” and the elders fell down and worshiped.

Revelation 5:12–14

12. Jesus Is One with, and the Perfect Manifestation of, the Father, Who Is Yahweh

He was with God in the beginning.

John 1:2

No one has ever seen God, but the one and only Son, who is himself God and is in closest relationship with the Father, has made him known.

John 1:18

In his defense Jesus said to them, “My Father is always at his work to this very day, and I too am working.” 18 For this reason they tried all the more to kill him; not only was he breaking the Sabbath, but he was even calling God his own Father, making himself equal with God.

John 5:17–18

Then they asked him, “Where is your father?” “You do not know me or my Father,” Jesus replied. “If you knew me, you would know my Father also.”

John 8:19

I and the Father are one.”

John 10:30

But if I do them, even though you do not believe me, believe the works, that you may know and understand that the Father is in me, and I in the Father.”

John 10:38

The one who looks at me is seeing the one who sent me.

John 12:45

If you really know me, you will know my Father as well. From now on, you do know him and have seen him.”

John 14:7

Jesus answered: “Don’t you know me, Philip, even after I have been among you such a long time? Anyone who has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? 10 Don’t you believe that I am in the Father, and that the Father is in me? The words I say to you I do not speak on my own authority. Rather, it is the Father, living in me, who is doing his work. 11 Believe me when I say that I am in the Father and the Father is in me; or at least believe on the evidence of the works themselves.

John 14:9–11

On that day you will realize that I am in my Father, and you are in me, and I am in you.

John 14:20

The god of this age has blinded the minds of unbelievers, so that they cannot see the light of the gospel that displays the glory of Christ, who is the image of God.

2 Corinthians 4:4

Who, being in very nature God, did not consider equality with God something to be used to his own advantage; . . . .

Philippians 2:6

The Son is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation.

Colossians 1:15

For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form, . . . .

Colossians 2:9

The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven.

Hebrews 1:3

13. Jesus Is God’s Unique Son, Which Isn’t True of Any Other Heavenly Being (i.e., He’s Yahweh— Creator Not Creature)

You have made them a little lower than the angels [אֱלֹהִים] and crowned them with glory and honor.

Psalm 8:5

God presides in the great assembly [בַּעֲדַת־אֵ֑ל]; he renders judgment among the “gods” [אֱלֹהִ֣ים]. . . . 6 “I said, ‘You are “gods” [אֱלֹהִ֣ים]; you are all sons of the Most High [וּבְנֵ֖י עֶלְי֣וֹן].’

Psalm 82:1, 6

Simon Peter answered, “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.”

Matthew 16:16

The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the one and only Son, who came from the Father, full of grace and truth. . . . 18 No one has ever seen God, but the one and only Son, who is himself God and is in closest relationship with the Father, has made him known.

John 1:14, 18

For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. . . . 18 Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because they have not believed in the name of God’s one and only Son.

John 3:16, 18

For to which of the angels did God ever say, “You are my Son; today I have become your Father”? Or again, “I will be his Father, and he will be my Son”? . . . 8 But about the Son he says, “Your throne, O God, will last for ever and ever; a scepter of justice will be the scepter of your kingdom.

Hebrews 1:5, 8

In the same way, Christ did not take on himself the glory of becoming a high priest. But God said to him, “You are my Son; today I have become your Father.”

Hebrews 5:5

This is how God showed his love among us: He sent his one and only Son into the world that we might live through him.

1 John 4:9

Conclusion

The testimony of the New Testament about Jesus in the Old Testament is clear: not only was Jesus everywhere in the pages of Scripture in its types, shadows, and prophecies, but he was present with his people throughout Old Testament history as the Angel, who was himself Yahweh, the Covenant God of Israel.

The good news of the gospel is that Yahweh, the eternal creator and covenant God of Israel, became in Jesus a created man and the covenant God of all the nations of the world, fulfilling all that the Old Testament prefigured, foreshadowed, promised, and prophesied.

NOTE: You can grab a copy of these verses in this Logos passage list: “Jesus Is Yahweh, the Covenant God of Israel—and the World.”